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  • "Manipulative materials" that is meant here is a hackable thing for kindergarten students to learn.
  • Clear example of "manipulative material" is LEGO brick.

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  • There is also this term called "digital manipulative" this is meant for program that is easily hackable.
  • For example of this "digital manipulative" is Minecraft Mods.

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  • This article specifically gives information on what kind of manipulative materials are there.
  • This article is similar to state of the art review for manipulative learning material.

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  • Friedrich Froebel invented the first kindergarten in Germany in 1837.

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  • Maria Montessori extended Friedrich Froebel's concept of kindergarten by adding social activity that plays central role in the students life.
  • That activity also meant to build network around the kindergarten students.

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  • Jean Piaget construct a principle that children needs to learn through practice first before go into more formal education.

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  • LEGO toys are used in more than 20.000 schools in United States Of America.

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  • There is also a LEGO that let children to write computer program.

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  • The program that the children alters/hacks/makes is intended to controls their LEGO construction.

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  • There is this Programmable Bricks.
  • Each bricks have a function. For example like motor or sensor.
  • Then children can connects these bricks together and programs it to give new functionality to the bricks.

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  • These Programmable Bricks can be used to create autonomous creatures (simply say it robot).

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  • However, the problem with the Programmable Bricks is that the student need to learn the basic knowledge first.

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  • The Programmable Bricks teach children about basic feedback and control.

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  • There is also a Programmable Beads that can be used to teach children about mathematics sequences.
  • The Programmable Beads has a central micro controller and at basic it has LED.
  • At basic the programmable beads has an example of 1 dimensional automata.

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  • Children can use pre - programmed features of the Programmable Beads to observe lightning patterns from the interactions.
  • For more advance users, they can write new program and then upload it into the beads.

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  • A string of Programmable Beads can be viewed as a physical instantiation of a 1 dimensional cellular automata.

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  • There is a programmable ball called BitBall.
  • Children can codes and upload the codes into the BitBall via infrared communication.

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  • BitBall can also be used for scientific purposes.

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  • For example BitBall can be used to understand acceleration.
  • It says here that this method can be used to easily transfer new contexts.

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  • The BitBall can be thrown to air then it will graph the acceleration data in order to find its top trajectory.

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  • There was this Thinking Tag that is based on traditional badge.
  • The differences is that it can contact other Thinking Tag using infrared communication.
  • Then it will react accordingly based on the received communication.
  • I think here most badges that I have been looked into has infrared communications. Is infrared mandatory for Sociometric Badges?

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  • Thinking Tag was made for adults to be used in conference.
  • Thinking Tag was also developed by MIT Media Lab.

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  • From what I understand before is that this Thinking Tag is like social networking in real life.
  • A physical Facebook.

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  • The Thinking Tag stores preferences and other personal stuffs. For example it can be also used to store the user favorite quotations.
  • When 2 Thinking Tag wearers meet the badges exchange data.

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  • Information then showed in a small screen.
  • And based on those LEDs above the screen, the users can know their similarity to each others (in term of how many preferences are mutual, ...).

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  • There is also Smart Badge.
  • But Smart Badge was designed to monitor human interaction with machine (for example, office electronic door, wearer location within a building).

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  • Thinking Tag have proved successful as a catalyst in conversation.

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  • Here is 2 Thinking Tag wearer sharing data to each others.

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  • There was this case of the usage of Thinking Tags about virus that jumping over tag to tags.
  • The challenge here was that to students to develop theories on how the virus works.

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  • Thinking Tag encourages collaborative theory building.

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  • At that time "memes" meant ideas.

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  • The Thinking Tag discover that some people were more resistant to new ideas that other people.

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  • The latest iteration of Thinking Tag has a two lines display.
  • These display used to display text messages.
  • Thinking Tag were able to hold up to 7 ideas/memes at that time.

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